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17th century Dutch paintings, Cultural history, Painting technique

Old Masters: painting tricks

Old Masters: painting tricks

 

Rembrandt

Rembrandt van Rijn
Portrait of a Woman, Possibly Maria Trip (1639)
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

I often paint dark backgrounds. Learning about old techniques, I aspire to approximate those incredible backgrounds of 17th C Dutch painters, using certain pigment mixes and optical tricks. Lately I have been thinking a bit more about further pushing the suggestion of, in particular, space within that darkness. How did someone like Rembrandt create such rich and dark backgrounds and at the same time suggest such optical depth?

A lot goes on in there: backgrounds, called ‘negative space’, serve an important design purpose within the composition and ca be complex – not just a slab of black paint. They are tricky to do well but things make sense when you look at the current knowledge around old techniques. Every time I get the chance to say hi to the old folks in museums, I look at backgrounds as much as at the other elements in their paintings.

Tricks

As is to be expected, 17th C Dutch painters used several tricks to create their fabulous backgrounds. For example, they used a mix of umber and ultramarine blue which creates a rich dark with a warm or cold appearance depending on the ratio, type of umber, any hints of additional colours as well as the underlying paint. Warm backgrounds were often preferred in order to emphasize those lovely crusty lead white highlights (Rembrandt was particularly good at this). A mixture of umber and ultramarine blue creates a much deeper and richer dark than a black paint can ever achieve.

To enhance the optical illusion of depth a dark pigment was glazed on top once this layer was dry. A glaze is a pigment suspended in a greater quantity of oil (linseed, poppyseed etc) than used for underlying layers of paint, resulting in a transparent paint which can be used to optically mix colours. For example, you can make a yellow look green by painting a blue glaze on top, vs mixing a green paint. This type of optical mixing is a prowerful tool and can be likened to the effect of sunlight seen through a stained glass window. Due to light bouncing about in additional paint layers an optical illusion of depth is created: a rich, deep background. In 17th C Holland the pigment which was commonly used for glazing dark backgrounds was sourced from the peat-rich region around Cologne and Kassel in west Germany.

Rembrandt detail
Rembrandt detail
A rich and deep background which is not black, and the optical effect of sheer fabric on skin through scumbling (see below).
Rembrandt van Rijn,
details of Portrait of a Woman, Possibly Maria Trip (1639)
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

Scumbling

Additional illusions of texture, space, depth and atmopshere can be generated by the use of scumbling a white on top of  underlying darker layers. Scumbling is the ‘dry’-brushing or scrubbing of paint onto the painting surface, a practice that was already in use around the time of Titian (1490-1576). This opaque application of paint can be used to create a range of illusions as it allows the painter to push optical effects: texture where the brushed-on paint highlights undulations in the paint surface, sheer fabric over skin (see Rembrandt’s painting of Maria Trip above) or a cooling effect, making the area bluer, therefore suggesting an atmospheric perspective or haze much like you see in a distant landscape. If you are Turner (1775-1851) you use scumbling to give a distant, misty look to your landscapes and sky:
Turner

 J. M. W. Turner
Lake of Geneva from Montreux (c. 1810), Los Angeles Country Museum of Art

Scumbling was also used in still life over the centuries; Chardin (1699-1779) for example was an expert at suggesting space extending beyond the main subjects in a painting. He additionally used scumbling in combination with his colours to suggest a diffusing light across this paintings, with certain areas painted more ‘strongly’ than others. To fully appreciate the optical effects he created his paintings were to be viewed from a distance: the art critic Diderot is known to have said of Chardin’s work: “Move away, and everything creates itself and reappears.”
Chardin

Chardin

Jean-Siméon Chardin
Glass of Water and Coffeepot (c. 1761), Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh
Still Life with Game (c. 1750), National Gallery of Art, Washington

Further reading:
Video (1.15min): Portrait of Maria Trip: https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/stories/one-hundred-masterpieces/story/portrait-woman-maria-trip
Portrait of Maria Trip: https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/SK-C-597
How to look at a Rembrandt like a conservator: https://www.queensu.ca/alumnireview/articles/2019-08-09/how-to-look-at-a-rembrandt-like-a-conservator
Jean-Siméon Chardin: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin
JMW Turner: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner

 

Dutch Fine Paintings Ltd, 2022.

30th January 2023
Tags: art blog, art history, background, blog, Carnegie Museum of Art, chardin, cultural history, dutch, dutch artist, Dutch Fine Paintings, Dutch painting, dutch paintings, heritage, history, how to paint, jmw turner, Los Angeles Country Museum of Art, National Gallery of Art, oil painting, Old Masters, painting secrets, painting technique, painting tutorial, pandemic, pandemic tips, plague, Rembrandt, Rijksmuseum, secrets, Tanja Moderscheim, tanja moderscheim fine paintings, The Citizens of Tournai, The Triump of Death, tircks, tradition, traditional, traditional painting, turner
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